LAPMOD output

LAPMOD writes all the output files within the output directory specified in its input file through the OUTDIR variable. Such a directory must exist. All the output files will be described in the following paragraphs. Each output file contains in its name a part that will be always indicated in the following as YYYYMMDDhhmmss, such a part describes the date and time to which the output refers: year (YYYY), month (MM), day (DD), hour (hh), minute (mm) and second (ss). At each output time LAPMOD creates two files, one for the graphical representation of the variable, and one with detailed information about the variable.

Particles

The output files containing the particles positions are named ptc_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.dat. They can be used for the graphical representations of the particles. These files are composed by NP+1 records, where the first record indicates the number of particles within the domain at the output time, and the following NP records are composed by three fields representing respectively the X, Y and Z coordinates of the particle. An example of a portion of this output file is shown in the following table, and an example of graphical representation of the particles is shown in the following figure.

        3000
  652196.56   5154396.50    165.18     10.9844494   46.5259209 0001_01_00000000_000000001
  653455.75   5151549.50     29.99     10.9999170   46.5000267 0001_01_00000012_000000002
  653445.25   5151567.00     31.57     10.9997864   46.5001869 0001_01_00000024_000000003
  653435.69   5151561.00     32.68     10.9996595   46.5001373 0001_01_00000036_000000004
  653435.88   5151580.00     14.91     10.9996681   46.5003052 0001_01_00000048_000000005
  653431.69   5151547.00     42.13     10.9996033   46.5000114 0001_01_00000060_000000006
  653413.25   5151581.00     39.81     10.9993744   46.5003204 0001_01_00000072_000000007
  653413.81   5151585.00     44.40     10.9993830   46.5003548 0001_01_00000084_000000008
    …
    …
                                    

The files with detailed information about the particles positions and properties are simply named as: YYYYMMDDhhmmss.dat. An example of a portion of this file is reported in the following table. The file contains the date and time, the number of released species, their names and phases, the granulometric intervals (bins) in case of aerosols, and other characteristics of the substances. Each particle is described through the following values:

• X, Y and Z coordinates (Z from the ground),
• Horizontal and vertical sigmas,
• Particle age in second (i.e. time elapsed from its release),
• The number of the substance (within the substances database),
• The particle mass in grams,
• The particle diameter in meters,
• The number of the particle (an ID to identify it),
• The number of the source from which the particle has been released,
• The particle state (1 active, 0 non-active),
• The vertical position of the particle with respect to the mixing layer (1 means within the mixing layer; 2 means above the mixing layer)r,.
• The buoyancy status (1 means plume rise; 0 means plume rise terminated),
• The X, Y, Z components of the wind.

When LPBIN=T, a unique particle binary file is created within the output directory. Such a file is always named PTCS.BIN. The binary output file contains NP+2 records for each output time, the first one indicates the output time with the format YYYYMMDDhhmmss, the second one indicates the number of particles (NP) within the domain, and each of the remaining NP records contains the information depending on the value of the input variable IPTCFMT.

* Date                                            : 2020/10/20 13:00:00
 * Active particles                                :   3000
 *
 * Active substances                               :      1
 *
 * Name                                            : Cs137           
 *   Index in substances database                  :  10
 *   Phase                                         : aerosol
 *   Activity mean aerodynamic diameter [1E-6 * m] : 0.68000E+00
 *   Geometrical standard deviation [1E-6 * m]     : 0.21500E+01
 *   Number of bins for the mass distribution      : 10
 *      Bin  Diameter [m]           Mass [g]      
 *        1          0.73936E-06  0.00000E+00
 *        2          0.17747E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        3          0.23554E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        4          0.29443E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        5          0.35962E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        6          0.43659E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        7          0.53399E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        8          0.67015E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        9          0.90149E-05  0.00000E+00
 *       10          0.15778E-04  0.00000E+00
 *   Molar weight                                  : 0.13700E+03
 *   Density [g/cm3]                               : 0.18730E+01
 *   Radioactive                                   : yes
 *   Half life [s]                                 : 0.94608E+09
 *
 *     X(m)         Y(m)   Zagl(m)   Lon(deg)   Lat(deg)   Sigma_h(m) Sigma_v(m) Age(s) Sub     Mass(g)    Diam(m)          Part Source  Stat Prop IsBuoy Xwind(m/s) Ywind(m/s) Zwind(m/s) XLang_a YLang_a ZLang_a XLang_B YLang_B ZLang_B Hpbl(m) InvMO(m-1) Istab Ustar(m/s) Rough(m) TAG
  652196.56   5154396.50    165.18    10.9844494   46.5259209  0.2540E+03        74.  3600.   1  0.37216E-02   0.73936E-06          1      1  1   2   0    -0.276     0.667     0.002    -0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000     0.000   152.279    -0.350 -1     0.107     0.250 0001_01_00000000_000000001
  653455.75   5151549.50     29.99    10.9999170   46.5000267  0.4658E+01         4.    12.   1  0.37274E-02   0.73936E-06          2      1  1   1   0    -0.401     0.445     0.001     0.003    -0.004     0.000     0.087     0.087     0.032   154.135    -0.089 -1     0.167     1.000 0001_01_00000012_000000002
  653445.25   5151567.00     31.57    10.9997864   46.5001869  0.1337E+02        12.    24.   1  0.37274E-02   0.73936E-06          3      1  1   1   0    -0.401     0.445     0.001    -0.011    -0.002     0.000     0.087     0.087     0.032   154.135    -0.089 -1     0.167     1.000 0001_01_00000024_000000003
  653435.69   5151561.00     32.68    10.9996595   46.5001373  0.1479E+02        12.    36.   1  0.37274E-02   0.73936E-06          4      1  1   1   0    -0.401     0.445     0.001     0.001    -0.011     0.000     0.087     0.087     0.032   154.135    -0.089 -1     0.167     1.000 0001_01_00000036_000000004
  653435.88   5151580.00     14.91    10.9996681   46.5003052  0.1491E+02        12.    48.   1  0.37274E-02   0.73936E-06          5      1  1   1   0    -0.390     0.500     0.001    -0.008     0.005     0.000     0.087     0.087     0.032   154.135    -0.089 -1     0.167     1.000 0001_01_00000048_000000005
    …
                                    

When LPBIN=T, a unique particle binary file is created within the output directory. Such a file is always named PTCS.BIN. The binary output file contains NP+2 records for each output time, the first one indicates the output time with the format YYYYMMDDhhmmss, the second one indicates the number of particles (NP) within the domain, and each of the remaining NP records contains, in the exact order, the information listed in Table 14.

Instantaneous concentrations

The output files for the graphical representation of the instantaneous concentrations at different times are named icon_SPECIES_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.grd, where SPECIES is the name of the species (e.g. Cs137, I131, …). The GRD formats are described in a following paragraph. The following figure shows an example of graphical representation of an instantaneous concentration field of LAPMOD.

The files containing detailed information about the instantaneous concentrations are named icon_all_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.dat, an example of those files is shown in the following table. The file contains the output date and time, the number of released species, their names and phases, the description of the granulometric intervals (bins) in case of aerosol phase, and other properties of the substance. Then there are as many records as the output grids: each record is composed by 2+NSUACT fields, where the first two fields are the coordinates of the output grids centers, and the remaining NSUACT fields are the instantaneous concentrations for each species.

* Date                                            : 2020/10/20 13:00:00
 * Active particles                                :   3000
 *
 * Active substances                               :      1
 *
 * Name                                            : Cs137           
 *   Index in substances database                  :  10
 *   Phase                                         : aerosol
 *   Activity mean aerodynamic diameter [1E-6 * m] : 0.68000E+00
 *   Geometrical standard deviation [1E-6 * m]     : 0.21500E+01
 *   Number of bins for the mass distribution      : 10
 *      Bin  Diameter [m]           Mass [g]      
 *        1          0.73936E-06  0.00000E+00
 *        2          0.17747E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        3          0.23554E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        4          0.29443E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        5          0.35962E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        6          0.43659E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        7          0.53399E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        8          0.67015E-05  0.00000E+00
 *        9          0.90149E-05  0.00000E+00
 *       10          0.15778E-04  0.00000E+00
 *   Molar weight                                  : 0.13700E+03
 *   Density [g/cm3]                               : 0.18730E+01
 *   Radioactive                                   : yes
 *   Half life [s]                                 : 0.94608E+09
 *
 *  Xmin(m)      Xmax(m) Grid size(m)  N. of grids
  580500.00    725500.00      5000.00           30
 *  Ymin(m)      Ymax(m) Grid size(m)  N. of grids
 5104500.00   5199500.00      5000.00           20
 *
 *  X_center(m)  Y_center(m)  Lon_center(deg)Lat_center(deg) Substances          
     580500.00    5104500.00   10.0412970   46.0893326    0.00000E+00
     585500.00    5104500.00   10.1059618   46.0887260    0.00000E+00
     590500.00    5104500.00   10.1706247   46.0880814    0.00000E+00
				    
                                    

When the user activates the discrete receptors (by means of a list of receptor coordinates specified by the FREC input variable of LAPMOD), the instantaneous concentration values at each receptor are saved in a unique file named r_icon.dat if the LCBIN input variable is set to FALSE. Otherwise the values are written within the binary output file of concentrations.

When the production of the binary output file of concentrations is activated (LCBIN=T), such a file is written in the output directory and is always named CONC.BIN. The binary file format is described in a following paragraph. The units of the instantaneous concentrations depend on the unit of the emission rate and on the value of the FACMUL input variable. When FACMUL=1 and, for example, the emission rate is in g/s, the instantaneous concentrations are expressed in g/m3. With the same units for the emission rate, the concentrations are expressed in µg/m3 when FACMUL=1E6. Similarly, with FACMUL=1, if the emission rate is expressed in UO/s or in Bq/s, the instantaneous concentrations will be expressed as UO/m3 or Bq/m3 respectively.

The concentrations described in this paragraph are “instantaneous” only if NSAM=1, otherwise they are averages obtained with NSAM samplings.

When LAPMOD is used for a “normal” simulation, the output file of concentrations at discrete receptors (r_icon.dat) contains, for each time, the concentration predicted at all the receptors. On the contrary, when LAPMOD is used activating the source attribution algorithm (ISRCATR=1), the output file will contain for each time the concentration value due to the different sources at the unique discrete receptor. The total concentration at the point is obtained by the sum of all the contributions.

Integrated concentrations

The output files for the graphical representation of the integrated concentrations at different times are named tcon_SPECIES_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.grd, where SPECIES is the name of the species (e.g. Cs137, I131, …). The GRD formats are described in a following paragraph.

The files containing detailed information about the integrated concentrations are named tcon_all_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.dat; their format is identical to the one described for the instantaneous concentrations.

When the user activates the discrete receptors (by means of a list of receptor coordinates specified by the FREC input variable of LAPMOD), the integrated concentration values at each receptor are saved in a unique file named r_tcon.dat if the LCBIN input variable is set to FALSE. Otherwise the values are written within the binary output file of concentrations.

When the production of the binary output file of concentrations is activated (LCBIN=T), such a file is written in the output directory and is always named TCON.BIN. The binary file format is described in a following paragraph.

The units of the integrated concentrations depend on the unit of the emission rate and on the value of the FACMUL input variable. When FACMUL=1 and, for example, the emission rate is in g/s, the integrated concentrations are expressed in g*s/m3. With the same units for the emission rate, the concentrations are expressed in µg*s/m3 when FACMUL=1E6. Similarly, with FACMUL=1, if the emission rate is expressed in Bq/s, the integrated concentrations will be expressed in Bq*s/m3.

3D output

Optionally, LAPMOD can calculate the instantaneous and the integrated concentrations in three dimensions. These are calculated at the height above ground of the CALMET cells centers. In order to activate the 3D calculation, it is necessary to set to any negative value the ZCOO input variable. In such a case the .dat extension of the files will change to .ZZZZ.dat, where ZZZZ is the height above ground of the computational grid.

In addition to the CALMET cell centers elevation, the 0 m and 2 m files are generated.

When 3D output is activated and discrete receptors are present, the concentrations at receptors are stored only in files *.0000.dat (0 m agl, lowest level). This is consistent with the output for receptors in 2D.

Dry deposition

The output files for the graphical representation of the dry deposition at different times are named ddep_SPECIES_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.grd, where SPECIES is the name of the species (e.g. Cs137, I131, …). The GRD formats are described in a following paragraph.

The files containing detailed information about the dry depositions are named ddep_all_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.dat; their format is identical to the one described for the instantaneous concentrations.

The units of the dry depositions depend on the unit of the emission rate and on the value of the FACMUL input variable. When FACMUL=1 and, for example, the emission rate is in g/s, the dry depositions are expressed in g/m2. With the same units for the emission rate, the depositions are expressed in µg/m2 when FACMUL=1E6. Similarly, with FACMUL=1, if the emission rate is expressed in Bq/s, the dry depositions will be expressed in Bq/m2.

When the production of the binary output file of dry depositions is activated (LDBIN=T), such a file is written in the output directory and is always named DDEP.BIN. The file TDEP.BIN contains instead the total deposition (dry+wet). The binary file format is described in a following paragraph.

Wet deposition

The output files for the graphical representation of the wet deposition at different times are named wdep_SPECIES_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.grd, where SPECIES is the name of the species (e.g. Cs137, I131, …). The GRD formats are described in a following paragraph.

The files containing detailed information about the wet depositions are named wdep_all_YYYYMMDDhhmmss.dat; their format is identical to the one described for the instantaneous concentrations.

The units of the wet depositions depend on the unit of the emission rate and on the value of the FACMUL input variable. When FACMUL=1 and, for example, the emission rate is in g/s, the wet depositions are expressed in g/m2. With the same units for the emission rate, the depositions are expressed in µg/m2 when FACMUL=1E6. Similarly, with FACMUL=1, if the emission rate is expressed in Bq/s, the wet depositions will be expressed in Bq/m2.

When the production of the binary output file of dry depositions is activated (LDBIN=T), such a file is written in the output directory and is always named WDEP.BIN. The file TDEP.BIN contains instead the total deposition (dry+wet). The binary file format is described in a following paragraph.

Intermediate file

The intermediate file is created in the output directory of LAPMOD when the input variable LINTER = T in lapmod.inp. This file contains detailed information about the simulation; it is particularly useful in case of simulation errors to understand the origin of the problem and to solve it.

Binary files

The output binary, or unformatted, files are useful when the simulation is very long, for example one year, and the concentrations must be analyzed in order to extract specific statistics from them (e.g. percentiles). The binary file is composed by two separate parts: a first one with static header records, and a second one with time-variable data records (concentrations or depositions). An example of Fortran code for reading the header records is shown in the following box.

      READ (IUCBIN) (IDINIS(I),I=1,6)
      READ (IUCBIN) (IDFINS(I),I=1,6)
      READ (IUCBIN) (IDINIC(I),I=1,6)
      READ (IUCBIN) ITDORD
      READ (IUCBIN) NSUEMI
      READ (IUCBIN) (SUBNAM(IPOS(I)),I=1,NSUEMI)
      READ (IUCBIN) (ORIG(I),I=1,2)
      READ (IUCBIN) NX, NY
      READ (IUCBIN) (DCELLH(I),I=1,2)
      READ (IUCBIN) NROUTM
      DO I = 1, NROUTM
        READ (IUCBIN) XR, YR, ZR
      ENDDO
      READ (IUCBIN) FACMUL
      READ (IUCBIN) LPEAK
                                    

The variables reported in the box have the following meaning:

• IDINIS is a vector of six elements containing the simulation starting date (YYYY MM DD hh mm ss)
• IDFINS is a vector of six elements containing the simulation ending date (YYYY MM DD hh mm ss)
• IDINIC is a vector of six elements containing date of the first output (YYYY MM DD hh mm ss)
• ITORD is the time distance (s) between two consecutive outputs (for example 3600 for the 1-hour averages )
• NSUEMI is the number of species emitted
• SUBNAM is a vector of NSUEMI elements containing the names of the emitted species
• XORIG is the vector of two elements containing the coordinates of the origin of the output domain
• NX is the number of output cells along the X direction
• NY is the number of output cells along the Y direction
• DCELLH is the vector of two elements containing the size of the output cells (m)
• NROUTM is the number of discrete receptors used in the simulation
• XR is the vector of NROUTM elements containing the X coordinate of each discrete receptor
• YR is the vector of NROUTM elements containing the Y coordinate of each discrete receptor
• ZR is the vector of NROUTM elements containing the Z coordinate of each discrete receptor
• FACMUL is the multiplication factor used in LAPMOD
• LPEAK is the flag specifying the calculation of peak concentrations in LAPMOD

At each output time the data records are written within the binary file. They are composed by NSUEMI+1 records at each output time. An example of Fortran code for reading the data records is shown in the following box.

      READ(IUCBIN) ( IDCURS(I), I=1,6 )
      DO ISU = 1, NSUEMI
         READ(IUCBIN) SPNAME, (VALUES(I),I=1,NXY)
      ENDDO
                                    

The variables reported in the box have the following meaning:

• IDCURS is a vector of six elements containing the output date (YYYY MM DD hh mm ss)
• SPNAME is the species name
• VALUES is a vector of NXY (=NX*NY) elements containing the output variable

VALUES contains then the 2-dimensional fields of concentration or deposition in a unique 1-dimensinoal vector. Such a vector is obtained considering first the X coordinate and cycling over the whole Y, then considering the second X coordinates and cycling over the whole Y, then continuing until X=NX.

GRD files

LAPMOD can create two different ASCII GRD file formats, according to the value of the LESRI input file. When LESRI=T the ESRI GRD files are created, otherwise the Surfer GRD files are created. The production of the GRD files is an alternative to the production of the binary files.

The ESRI GRD files have an ASCII exchange format developed by ARC/INFO ASCII for GIS environments. The format is composed by a title specifying the geometry and the resolution of the domain, followed by the values at each grid. The structure of an ASCII ESRI GRD file is described in the following table. The coordinates of the grid corners may be integers or reals. The values of variables xllcorner and yllcorner refer to the corners of the grid, not to the grid centers. ARC/INFO also supports title strings allowing to specify within the variables xllcorner and yllcorner the coordinates of the grid centers. The origin of the grid is the upper left point, and the end is the lower right point. The ESRI GRD files can be visualized with any GIS software.

The ASCII Surfer GRD file contains five title records giving information about the size and the limits of the grid, followed by a list of data. Within each record the different fields are separated by a space. The data are written in increasing order of rows, starting from the minimum Y coordinate. The first value within the file corresponds then to the lower left corner of the map (south west point). The second value refers to the adjacent point on the same row (same Y coordinate, increasing the X value of one grid). When the maximum X value is reached along the row, the list of values continues with the following row moving toward the top, up to the inclusions of all the rows. The general format of an ASCII Surfer GRD file is described in the following table. This kind of files can be visualized using the Surfer software (http://www.goldensoftware.com).