LAPMOD input
Description of LAPMOD input files.The LAPMOD model is launched by writing the on the same command line the executable name and the input file name:
lapmod.exe lapmod.inp under Windows, or ./lapmod.x lapmod.inp under Linux or macOS.
The main LAPMOD input file, indicated as lapmod.inp in the previous line, may actually have any name and path. The above example command assumes that the prompt is in the same folder where both the executable and the input file are. If executable and input file are in different positions, the whole paths must be specified. If paths and or names contain blank spaces, double quotes must be used.
Input files
The preparation of a LAPMOD simulation is relatively simple. The interfacing of LAPMOD with the diagnostic meteorological model CALMET is complete and easily manageable from the user. The user must specify the directory containing the binary output file(s) of CALMET; all the parameters relating to the simulation domain and to the meteorology are read from the CALMET output file. The main steps required to carry out a LAPMOD simulation are:
- perform a CALMET simulation (or prepare the meteorological input with LAPEMI),
- edit the main input file of LAPMOD (lapmod.inp),
- edit the release file, or prepare it with LAPEMI.
The LAPMOD input files are described in the following paragraphs.
LAPMOD.INP
The main input file of LAPMOD (lapmod.inp) is a text file that can be personalized by the user adding as many comments as needed, provided them do not include exclamation marks. Within the files there must also be command lines within two exclamation marks; in the command lines the input is specified as name = value. For example:
! LDEPD = T ! Logical variable to calculate dry deposition
To the left of the “=” sign there may be any string, representing the variable name as above or a brief description. The command lines may be at any position within the input file, provided their relative order remains unchanged.
The input variables may be grouped in
- run parameters,
- domain and meteorology,
- emissions,
- general parameters,
- output parameters.
An example of LAPMOD input file is shown in the following table.
*************************
*** LAPMOD INPUT FILE ***
*** version 20250508 ***
*************************
LAPMOD is copyright Enviroware srl (https://www.enviroware.com)
**********************
*** RUN PARAMETERS ***
**********************
1. ! IDINIS(6) = 2012 01 01 01 00 00 ! Initial time of simulation
(YYYY MM DD HH MI SS)
2. ! IDFINS(6) = 2013 01 01 00 00 00 ! Final time of simulation
(YYYY MM DD HH MI SS)
3. ! LDEPD = F ! Logical flag for dry deposition calculation
4. ! LDEPW = F ! Logical flag for wet deposition calculation
*******************
*** METEOROLOGY ***
*******************
NMET is the number of CALMET meteorological files to be used for the
LAPMOD simulation. If NMET=1, then the CALMET file name must be written
in FMET. If NMET > 1, then FMET must contain the name of a file which
will contain the list of the NMET CALMET files to read.
5. ! NMET = 12 !
FMET is the file for meteorology if NMET=1.
This file must be created by the diagnostic meteorological model CALMET.
The coordinates of the origin, the number of grids along X and Y, the
topography, roughness length and other variables will be read from this file.
Optionally, the PREMET preprocessor can be used to construct a meteo
input file with the same structure of CALMET output, with constant
meteorology (e.g. for flat terrain)
If NMET > 1, FMET is a file which contains a list of NMET CALMET files.
6. ! FMET = calmet_list.txt !
7. ! CLMVRS = 5.53a ! CALMET version (5.2 or 5.53a or 5.8.4 or 5.8.5 or 6.5.0)
8. ! LCC = T ! Logical flag to specify if CALMET coordinates are
Lambert Conical Conformal (T). Use (F) for UTM.
Note that the coordinates of the CALMET file generated
with MMIF are Lambert Conical Conformal.
9. ! DOMLAT = 34.315 ! Reference latitude for Lambert Conformal Coordinates.
Required only if LCC = T.
10. ! ITDMRD = 3600 ! Time step to read meteorology (s).
NOTE that if the meteorological file is produced
using CALMET this step must be 3600 s.
11. ! ITDMIRD = 600 ! Time step (s) to interpolate meteorology (wind and
boundary layer scaling parameters) between two
CALMET output times.
12. ! ITDMQ = 0 ! Time step (s) to query meteorological variables at
particle's position via 2D or 3D interpolation.
Use a value greater than ITDMIRD to suppress
interpolation and use meteorolgical cells' values.
Use zero to interpolate at any timestep.
13. ! LIWIND = T ! Logical flag used when interpolating meteorology at
particle location (every ITDMQ seconds). When
LIWIND=FALSE, interpolation is done only in space,
keeping constant the last values read from CALMET or
interpolated every IDTMIRD seconds. When LIWIND=TRUE,
interpolation is done both in space and in time every
computational time step (shorter than IDTMIRD).
14. ! LNOW = F ! Logical flag to suppress the vertical component of
the wind speed deriving from CALMET or MMIF.
TRUE to suppress.
*****************
*** EMISSIONS ***
*****************
15. ! FEMI = emi.txt !
16. ! LFEMIASC = T !
NPART is the number of particles emitted each 60 seconds per
- source
- species
- bin (if aerosol)
17. ! NPART = 10 !
File containing substance properties
18. ! FSUB = lapmod_substances.dat !
19. ! IPRTYPE = 2 ! Plume rise type: 1 Janicke and Janicke; 2 Webster and Thomson
Entrainment type to apply to the plume rise phase.
IENTR used only if IPRTYPE=1 (Janicke and Janicke)
1 - Janicke and Janicke (2001)
2 - Rezacova and Sokol (2000)
3 - Orville, Hirsch and May (1980)
20. ! IENTR = 1 !
Entrainment coefficients (A1,A2,A3 and drag coefficient CD
to apply to the plume rise phase.
Used only if IPRTYPE=2 (Webster and Thomson)
A1 and A2 are the coefficients for the entrainment due to the
relative motion of the plume and ambient air. A3 is the coefficient
for the entrainment due to ambient turbulence.
ADMS uses A1=0.057 A2=0.50 (A1 criticised by WT)
TAPM uses A1=0.100 A2=0.60
Other values of A1 and A2 are reported in the following table (table 1 of WT, 2002).
Met. conditions Momentum dominated plume Buoyancy dominated plume
------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------
Strong ambient wind (bent over) A2=0.35 (Briggs) A2=0.61 (Briggs)
Zero stratification A2=0.60 (Weil) A2=0.6 (Weil)
No ambient wind (vertical plume) A1=0.11 (Weil) A1=0.125 (Briggs)
Zero stratification A1=0.11 (Weil)
Strong ambient wind A2=0.6 (Weil) A2=0.6 (Weil)
Stable stratification
Suggested value for A1 is 0.110
Suggested value for A2 is 0.500
Suggested value for A3 is 0.655
Suggested value for CD is 0.21
21. ! A1 = 0.110 !
22. ! A2 = 0.500 !
23. ! A3 = 0.655 !
24. ! CD = 0.21 !
Logical flag for considering stack tip downwash.
25. ! LSTD = T !
Logical flag for considering partial plume penetration of
elevated inversions.
26. ! LPPP = T !
Logical flag for considering plume induce turbulence
during plume rise.
27. ! LPIT = T !
**************************
*** GENERAL PARAMETERS ***
**************************
The Kolmogorov "constant" ranges between 2 and 7.
C0=2.0 - Luhar and Britter (1989) Atmos. Environ. 23, 1911
C0=3.0 - Du et al. (1995) Phys. Fluids 7, 3083-3090
C0=5.7 (neutral flows) - Rodean (1991) Phys. Fluids A 3, 1479
C0=7.0 - Sawford (1991) Phys. Fluids A 3, 1577
28. ! C0 = 3.0 !
ISRCATR is the numerical flag for activating the source attribution
algorithm (1 activate; any other number does not activate).
Such algorithm requires a single discrete receptor. The output on
the regular receptors is always produced, but it refers to the
total effect of all the sources.
29. ! ISRCATR = 0 !
*************************
*** OUTPUT PARAMETERS ***
*************************
The LAPMOD output domain, where concentrations and depositions are calculated,
is expressed by means of the SW coordinates of the lower left gridcell and the
NE coordinates of the upper right gridcell (in this precise order).
The size of the square gridcell is also required. All the values must be
expressed in meters. The output domain coordinates must be in the same UTM
zone as the CALMET coordinates.
Coordinates and grid resolution must be written as real numbers.
30. ! OUTCOO = 692200. 4961200. 712200. 4981200. !
By setting a negative value for the grid resolution, output on grid is suppressed and
Concentrations are computed for receptors, if they are defined.
31. ! OUTGRID = 200.0 !
ZCOO is the height a.g.l. (m) at which concentrations must be calculated.
If the value is negative, LAPMOD calculates the concentration at 0m, 2m and in
the middle of the CALMET vertical levels.
The height is added to output filenames.
32. ! ZCOO = 0. !
33. ! IDINIC(6) = 2012 01 01 02 0 0 ! Time of first output
(YYYY MM DD HH MI SS)
34. ! IDTORD = 3600 ! Time step (s) for output (depositions,
integrated concentration, instantaneous concentration)
Time step for writing particle files (e.g. 3600).
Write a negative number if particle files are not desired.
35. ! IDTORP = 3600 !
Number of concentration samplings between two concentration outputs
36. ! NSAM = 1 !
When sampling is made between two concentration outputs, the concentration
written on file can be the average of the samplings or the maximum among samples.
Otherwise it must be 1.
1 - Concentration is the average among samples
2 - Concentration is the maximum among samples
37. ! SAMTYPE = 1 !
CCA (Concentration Calculation Algorithm) is a numerical flag indicating
the algorithm to be used for calculating concentrations:
1 - Classical LAPMOD method
2 - Uliasz uniform kernel
3 - Uliasz parabolic kernel
4 - Enviroware kernel - costant area of influence
5 - Enviroware kernel - time-variable area of influence
CCA 2,4 and 5 are EXPERIMENTAL ==> use 1 or 3
38. ! CCA = 3 !
SIGNUM is the number of sigmas units that define the volume associated to
each particle. It is also the number of sigmas to search for contributing
particles to receptors.
Used for CCA = 1, 4, 5.
39. ! SIGNUM = 3 !
AGELIM is the minimum age (s) that a particle must have in order to
apply the kernel for calculating the concentrations. The mass of
particles younger than AGELIM is assigned to the cell where the
particle is located, in order to avoid the smoothing effect of the
kernel. To avoid the use of AGELIM, put it equal 0.
AGELIM values depend on the output cell size and on the typical wind speed.
Used for CCA = 2, 3.
40. ! AGELIM = 0. !
BMFU (Bandwiths Multplication Factors Uniform) are the multiplication
factors used in the uniform kernel. It must be a tern of numbers,
one for each direction. Typical values are 0.5 (for each direction).
Used for CCA = 2.
41. ! BMFU = 0.5 0.5 0.5 !
HXA, HXB and HXC are the coefficients for the calculation of the
bandwidth of the parabolic kernel along X. It is calculated as
HX = HXA + HXB * SQRT(t) + HXC * t
where t is the particle age (s) and DX is the grid amplitude
along X (m).
Used for CCA = 3.
42. ! HXA HXB HXC = 5. 40. 0.75 !
HYA, HYB and HYC are the coefficients for the calculation of the
bandwidth of the parabolic kernel (CCA=3) along Y. It is calculated as
HY = HYA + HYB * SQRT(t) + HYC * t
where t is the particle age (s) and DY is the grid amplitude
along Y (m).
Used for CCA = 3.
43. ! HYA HYB HYC = 5. 40. 0.75 !
HZA and HZB are the coefficients for the calculation of the
bandwidth of the parabolic kernel (CCA=3) along Z. It is calculated as
HZ = HZA + HZB * SQRT(t)
where t is the particle age (s).
Used for CCA = 3.
44. ! HZA HZB = 10. 40. !
BWMAX (Maximum bandwidths) are the maximum values (m) that the
bandwidths can assume when using the parabolic kernel (CCA=3).
Typical values are of the order of 10^5 m for the horizontal
directions, and 10^2 or 10^3 for the vertical.
Used for CCA = 3.
45. ! BWMAX = 30000. 30000. 30000. !
SIGMAX is the maximum extension (m) of the horizontal sigmas.
Values greater than SIGMAX will be truncated to SIGMAX.
Used for CCA = 1, 4, 5.
46. ! SIGMAX = 1000.0 !
*****************************
*** PEAK-TO-MEAN MODELING ***
*****************************
LPEAK is a logical variable to request the calculation of peak concentrations.
The peak value is calculated within LAPMOD as peak-to-mean corrected value according
to Smith (1973) with stability-dependent exponents and using Lagrangian
time dependent relaxing function by Mylne (1991).
This is typical for odors or flammable/explosive substances.
If this flag is set to true, the postprocessing with a RMUL input
different than 0 is prevented.
When setting LPEAK = T, NSAM must be a positive value.
47. ! LPEAK = F !
TPEAK is the short period tp in Smith's equation for the peak-to-mean ratio.
As described in the manual, the value suggested by Shauberger et al (2000),
based on Mylne's (1990) measurements, is 5 seconds.
48. ! TPEAK = 5. !
**********************
*** OUTPUT OPTIONS ***
**********************
49. ! LINTER = T ! Logical flag for intermediate output on file
(T for writing)
50. ! LMETER = T ! Logical flag for coordinates in output files
(T = meters, F =kilometers)
File of discrete receptors.
Write NO if discrete receptors are not used.
51. ! RECFILE = ..\rec.txt !
Output directory
52. ! OUTDIR = .\out\ !
LCBIN is used to produce binary (T) or ASCII (F) output CONCENTRATION files.
53. ! LCBIN = T !
LDBIN is used to produce binary (T) or ASCII (F) output DEPOSITION files.
54. ! LDBIN = T !
LPBIN is used to produce binary (T) or ASCII (F) output PARTICLES files.
55. ! LPBIN = T !
IPTCFMT is used to specify the variables to store within the binary output
file with particles. Allowed values are:
1 - Save only X, Y and Z of each particle
2 - As 1, plus particle age and mass
3 - Save all particle-related variables
4 - As 3, plus the meteorology "felt" by each particle
The size of the particle binary output file increases with the value of IPCTFMT
56. ! IPTCFMT = 1 !
Logical flag for GRD file type (T = Esri, F = Surfer)
57. ! LESRI = F !
Multiplication factor to apply to the output (concentration and deposition).
For example, if release rate is in g/s, a multiplication factor of 1 will give
concentrations in g/m3, while a multiplication factor of 1.E6 will give concentrations in ug/m3.
58. ! FACMUL = 1E6 !
Logical flag indicating to write plume properties for each buoyant source (if TRUE)
59. ! LPR = F !
*********************
*** DEBUG OPTIONS ***
*********************
Logical flag to activate debug output (if TRUE)
60. ! LDBG = F !
Particle to debug for particle-related debug (can be zero even if LDBG = T)
61. ! IPDBG = 0 !
Logical flag to write detailed ASCII particle files (if TRUE)
Particle files can be extracted with LAPOST from the binary particle output
file of LAPMOD (LPBIN = .T.). They can also be created during the run setting LPWRITE1 and LPWRITE2 hereafter.
62. ! LPWRITE1 = T !
Logical flag to write reduced ASCII particle files (if TRUE)
63. ! LPWRITE2 = T !
A detailed description of all the input variables is shown in the following table.
| Name | Description | Values | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| IDINIS(6) | Starting date and time (LST) of the simulation (YYYY MM DD HH MI SS) | - | Integers |
| IDFINS(6) | Ending date and time (LST) of the simulation (YYYY MM DD HH MI SS) | - | Integers |
| LDEPD | Dry deposition control parameter | T/F | Logical |
| LDEPW | Wet deposition control parameter | T/F | Logical |
| NMET | Number of output CALMET files used to drive LAPMOD | - | Integer |
| FMET | Path and name of the CALMET output file if NMET=1. File with a list of NMET CALMET output files if NMET > 1. | - | Character |
| CLMVRS | CALMET version | 5.53a/5.2/5.8.4/5.8.5/6.5.0 | Character |
| LCC | Logical flag to specify if CALMET coordinates are Lambert Conical Conformal (T). Use (F) for UTM. Note that the coordinates of the CALMET file generated with MMIF are Lambert Conical Conformal. | T/F | Logical |
| DOMLAT | Reference latitude for Lambert Conformal Coordinates. Required only if LCC = T | [-90,90] | Real |
| ITMRD | Time interval (s) between two consecutive meteorological fields (must be 3600 when using CALMET). | - | Integer |
| ITDMIRD | Interpolation time step between two consecutive CALMET meteorological fields. | <= ITMRD | Real |
| ITDMQ | Time step (s) to interpolate meteorological variables at particle's position via 2D or 3D interpolation. Use a value greater than ITDMIRD to suppress interpolation and use meteorological cells' values. Use zero to interpolate at any timestep. | >= 0 | Integer |
| LNOW | Logical flag to suppress (T) or not (F) the vertical component of the wind speed. | T/F | Logical |
| LIWIND | Logical flag to interpolate wind in time in the ITDMIRD interval. TRUE to activate. When FALSE, interpolation is made only in space. | T/F | Logical |
| FEMI | Path and name of the emissions input file | - | Character |
| LFEMIASC | ASCII (T) or binary (F) format of the emission file | T/F | Logical |
| NPART | Number of particles released every 60 seconds per source, per species and per bin (in case of aerosols). Must be a divisor of 60. | - | Integer |
| FSUB | Path and name of the species file. | - | Character |
| IPRTYPE | Plume rise algorithm to apply: 1 Janicke and Janicke; 2 Webster and Thomson | 1/2 | Integer |
| IENTR | Entrainment scheme to apply for the Janicke and Janicke algorithm (IPRTYPE=1). 1 - Janicke and Janicke (2001) 2 - Rezacova and Sokol (2000) 3 - Orville, Hirsch and May (1980) | 1/2/3 | Integer |
| A1 | First entrainment coefficient due to the relative motion of the plume with respect to the surrounding environment. Used in the Webster and Thomson plume rise algorithm. | - | Real |
| A2 | Second entrainment coefficient due to the relative motion of the plume with respect to the surrounding environment. Used in the Webster and Thomson plume rise algorithm. | - | Real |
| A3 | Third entrainment coefficient due to the relative motion of the plume with respect to the surrounding environment. Used in the Webster and Thomson plume rise algorithm. | - | Real |
| CD | Drag coefficient. Used in the Webster and Thomson plume rise algorithm. | - | Real |
| LSTD | Logical variable used to apply (T) or not (F) the stack tip downwash algorithm. | T/F | Logical |
| LPPP | Logical variable used to apply (T) or not (F) the partial plume penetration algorithm. | T/F | Logical |
| LPIT | Logical variable used to apply (T) or not (F) the plume induced turbulence algorithm during plume rise. | T/F | Logical |
| C0 | Kolmogorov parameter | - | Real |
| ISRCATR | Numerical flag used to activate, when 1, the source attribution algorithm. This procedure allows to estimate the contribution of specific sources to the concentration at a single receptor. It requires the LAPMOD_SA Perl scripts system. | - | Integer |
| OUTCOO | LL and UR corners coordinates defining the output domain of LAPMOD. They must be expressed in UTM metric coordinates within the same UTM zone of the CALMET output files. | - | Real |
| OUTGRID | Linear size (m) of each square grid defining the LAPMOD output domain. It must exactly divide the two horizontal sizes of the domain. | - | Real |
| ZCOO | Height above ground at which concentrations are calculated (m). | - | Real |
| IDINIC(6) | LST Date and time of the first output (YYYY MM DD HH MI SS) | - | Integer |
| IDTORD | Time distance (s) between two consecutive outputs (deposition, integrated concentration, instantaneous concentration) | - | Integer |
| ITDURP | Time distance (s) between two consecutive outputs (particles) | - | Integer |
| NSAM | Number of samplings between two consecutive concentration outputs. Used to calculate the average concentrations within the output time interval. | - | Integer |
| SAMTYPE | Concentration sampling time: 1 – average concentration of all the samplings; 2 – maximum concentration of all the samplings | 1/2 | Integer |
| CCA | CCA (Concentration Calculation Algorithm): numerical flag indicating the algorithm to used for calculating the concentrations: 1 – Gaussian kernel 2 – Uliasz uniform kernel 3 – Uliasz parabolic kernel 4 – Constant area influence kernel 5 – Time variable area influence kernels | 1,2,3,4,5 (2, 4, and 5 are experimental) | Integer |
| SIGNUM | Number of sigmas defining the volume associated to each particle. The sigmas are calculated in different ways depending on the CCA value. SIGNUM also represents the distance in sigma units within which the contribution of the particle is considered. | - | Real |
| AGELIM | Minimum age of a particle (s) in order to apply the kernel for calculating the concentrations. The mass of particles younger than AGELIM is entirely assigned to the output cell to which the particle belongs. The aim of AGELIM is to avoid an excessive smoothing close to the source. To avoid the application of AGELIM use a non-positive number. AGELIM is used only for the Uliasz kernels (CCA=2 or CCA=3). | - | Integer |
| BMFU | (Bandwidths Multiplication Factors Uniform). It is a tern of numbers indicating the multiplication factors of the uniform kernel (CCA=2). A value for each direction is needed. | - | Real |
|
HXA HXB HXC |
HXA, HXB and HXC are the coefficients for calculating the bandwidth of the parabolic kernel (CCA=3) along the X direction. Such a bandwidth is calculated as
`H_X = H_{XA} + H_{XB} sqrt(t) + H_{XC} t ` where t is the particle age (s). |
- | Real |
|
HYA HYB HYC |
HYA, HYB and HYC are the coefficients for calculating the bandwidth of the parabolic kernel (CCA=3) along the Y direction. Such a bandwidth is calculated as
`H_Y = H_{YA} + H_{YB} sqrt(t) + H_{YC} t ` where t is the particle age (s). |
- | Real |
|
HZA HZB |
HZA and HZB are the coefficients for calculating the bandwidth of the parabolic kernel (CCA=3) along the Z direction. Such a bandwidth is calculated as
`H_Z = H_{ZA} + H_{ZB} sqrt(t) ` where t is the particle age (s). |
- | Real |
| BWMAX | BWMAX (Maximum bandwidths) is a tern of numbers indicating the maximum values that the bandwidths can assume when the parabolic kernel is used (CCA=3). The three values are expressed in meters. | - | Real |
| SIGMAX | Maximum extension of the horizontal sigma when the classical method for calculating the concentrations is used (CCA=1). Horizontal sigmas greater than SIGMAX are truncated to SIGMAX. | - | Real |
| LPEAK | Logical variable to activate the calculation of the peak-to-mean value according to Smith (1973), with exponents depending on the atmospheric stability and with the relaxing function of Mylne (1991). | 0,1 | Integer |
| TPEAK | Peak time (s) used in the Smith formulation. | - | Real |
| LINTER | Logical variable controlling the intermediate output (output not created when F). | T/F | Logical |
| LMETER | Logical variable controlling the units of the output coordinates. If LMETER=T the output coordinates are in meters, if LMETER=F the output coordinates are in km. | T/F | Logical |
| FREC | Path and name of the input file containing the coordinates of the discrete receptors. | - | Character |
| OUTDIR | Output directory. All the output files will be written here. | - | Character |
| LCBIN | Logical variable for generating the binary file (when T) containing instantaneous and integrated concentrations. ASCII files are produced when LCBIN=F. | T/F | Logical |
| LDBIN | Logical variable for generating the binary file (when T) containing dry, wet and total depositions. ASCII files are produced when LDBIN=F. | T/F | Logical |
| LPBIN | Logical variable for generating the binary file (when T) containing the particles. ASCII files are produced when LCBIN=F. | T/F | Logical |
| IPTCFMT | Numerical input used to specify the variables to store within the binary output file with particles. Allowed values are: 1 - Save only X, Y and Z of each particle 2 - As 1, plus particle age and mass 3 - Save all particle-related variables 4 - As 3, plus the meteorology "felt" by each particle | 1, 2, 3, 4 | Integer |
| LESRI | Logical variable controlling the output format of the ASCII files. LESRI=T for creating ESRI GRD files, LESRI=F for creating Surfer GRD files. | T/F | Logical |
| FACMUL | Multiplication factor to apply to the output variables (depositions, integrated concentrations, instantaneous concentrations) in the GRD files. | - | Real |
| LPR | Logical variable for creating detailed output files of the plume rise phase (when LPR=T). | T/F | Logical |
| LDBG | Logical flag to activate debug output (if TRUE) | T/F | Logical |
| IPDBG | Particle to debug for particle-related debug (can be zero even if LDBG = T) | >= 0 | Integer |
| LPWRITE1 | Logical flag to write detailed ASCII particle files (if TRUE) | T/F | Logical |
| LPWRITE2 | Logical flag to write reduced ASCII particle files (if TRUE) | T/F | Logical |
Emissions file
The emissions file of LAPMOD may contain sources with different geometries and sizes. The number of records of the file depends on the number of sources NSACT and on the number of species emitted by each source. The initial records of the file are “static”, they contain a description of the sources and are read only once at the beginning of the simulation. The remaining records are “dynamic”, they contain the time-variable emission rates. The structure of the LAPMOD emission file is described in the following table.
| Record | Description |
|---|---|
| Static |
NSACT Number of sources record repeated NSACT times, with structure depending on ISTYPE, the source type: If ISTYPE(IS) < 7: IS, ISTYPE(IS), (EMATG(IS,L), L=1,6) Source number , geometry, dimensions of source IS. If ISTYPE(IS) = 7: IS, ISTYPE(IS), NVPOL, POLZ(IS), POLS(IS), ((POLX(IS,L),POLY(IS,L) L=1,NVPOL+1 ) Source number, geometry, number of vertexes of the polygon, elevation above ground of the polygon, vertical sigma (range of random height added to generated particles), couples of coordinates of the vertexes (the first couple must be repeated at the end). # Control record NSUACT Number of emitted substances TMPNAME(ISU) Name of the substance (repeated NSUACT times) |
| Dynamic |
(IDINIE(ID), ID=1,6) Data and hour from which the following records are valid. IS, TS(IS), VOUT(IS), (RATE(IS,ISU), ISU=1,NSUACT) Source number, temperature, exit speed, emission rates of all the species (NSACT records in the correct sequence). |
The first record indicates the number of sources involved in the simulation, while the following NSACT static records contain, for each source, the source number (IS), the source type (ISTYPE) and the geometrical parameters of the source (EMATG). This list terminates with a record delimited by the symbol '#'. The following record contains the number of substances involved in the simulation (NSUACT), and the following NSUACT records contain the species names (TMPNAME). The dynamic records must cover the whole simulation interval. They are composed by groups of (NSACT+1) records. The first record of each group (IDINIE) indicates the time from which the other records of the group are valid. The remaining NSACT records of the group contain the emission temperature, the exit speed, and the NSUACT emission rates (in the order specified above). The variables read from the emission file (FEMI) are reported in the following table. The number of emitted substances (NSUACT) is the same for all the sources. Then, if a source does not emit a specific substance, its emission rate must appear as zero.
| Name | Type | Dimension | Meaning | Units |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISTYPE | Integer | NSACT | Source geometry (point, area, linear, …) | - |
| EMATG | Real | NSACT*6 | Coordinates and dimensions of the sources | m |
| NSUACT | Integer | - | Number of substances emitted | - |
| TMPNAME | Character | NSUACT | Names of the substances emitted | - |
| IDINIE | Integer | 6 | Time from which the emission data are valid | - |
| TS | Real | NSACT | Emission temperature | K |
| VOUT | Real | NSACT | Exit velocity | m/s |
| RATE | Real | NSACT*NSUACT | Emission rates | (Mass or activity)/s |
The emission rates must always be expressed as mass/time (for example g/s or Bq/s or OU/s), independently from the source type. Then, for example, the emission rate for an area source must not be expressed as g/m2/s, but as g/s. LAPMOD manages seven source types. Table 8 lists the source types and the corresponding input parameters.
| ISTYPE | Source type | EMATG |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Point (no buoyancy) |
EMATG(IS,1) : X coordinate of source EMATG(IS,2) : Y coordinate of source EMATG(IS,3) : Z coordinate of source, with respect to ground EMATG(IS,4) : Not used EMATG(IS,5) : Not used EMATG(IS,6) : Not used |
| 2 | Linear |
EMATG(IS,1) : X Coordinate of beginning of segment EMATG(IS,2) : Y Coordinate of beginning of segment EMATG(IS,3) : Z Coordinate of beginning of segment, with respect to ground EMATG(IS,4) : X Coordinate of ending of segment EMATG(IS,5) : Y Coordinate of ending of segment EMATG(IS,6) : Z Coordinate of ending of segment, with respect to ground |
| 3 | Area (circle) |
EMATG(IS,1) : X Coordinate of center EMATG(IS,2) : Y Coordinate of center EMATG(IS,3) : Z Coordinate of center, with respect to the ground EMATG(IS,4) : Radius EMATG(IS,5) : Not used EMATG(IS,6) : Not used |
| 4 | Volume (parallelepiped) |
EMATG(IS,1) : X Coordinate of center EMATG(IS,2) : Y Coordinate of center EMATG(IS,3) : Z Coordinate of center, with respect to the ground EMATG(IS,4) : X Dimension EMATG(IS,5) : Y Dimension EMATG(IS,6) : Z Dimension |
| 5 | Volume (sphere) |
EMATG(IS,1) : X Coordinate of center EMATG(IS,2) : Y Coordinate of center EMATG(IS,3) : Z Coordinate of center, with respect to the ground EMATG(IS,4) : Radius EMATG(IS,5) : Not used EMATG(IS,6) : Not used |
| 6 | Point (with buoyancy) |
EMATG(IS,1) : X Coordinate of source EMATG(IS,2) : Y Coordinate of source EMATG(IS,3) : Z Coordinate of source, with respect to the ground EMATG(IS,4) : Stack diameter (m) EMATG(IS,5) : Azimuthal angle of the stack (degrees) EMATG(IS,6) : Polar angle of the stack (degrees) |
| 7 | Arbitrary area source (polygon) |
NVPOL(IS) : Number of vertexes of the source POLZ(IS) : Height above ground POLS(IS) : Vertical sigma (POLX(IS,J),POLY(IS,J),J=1,NVPOL(IS)+1): couples of coordinates of the source vertexes. The first couple must be repeated at the end to close the polygons. |
A point source without buoyancy (ISTYPE = 1) is defined by the coordinates of the point, where X = EMATG(1), Y = EMATG(2), Z = EMATG(3). A point source with buoyancy (ISTYPE = 6) is defined by the above coordinates plus the stack diameter D = EMATG(4)), the azimuthal angle AZI = EMATG(5), and the polar angle POL = EMATG(6). The azimuthal angle specifies the stack orientation on the horizontal plane. It is an angle between 0 and 360 degrees, where 0 indicates stack pointed to north, 90 stack pointed to east, 180 stack pointed to south, and 270 stack pointed to west. The polar angle specifies the inclination of the stack with respect to the vertical. It is an angle between 0 and 180 degrees, where 0 means vertical stack pointing up, 90 means horizontal stack, and 180 means stack pointing down (e.g., goose-neck). The azimuthal angle is useless when the polar angle is 0 or 180.
If v0 is the exit velocity from the stack, its components along the cartesian axes are calculated with the following equations:
`v_x0 = v_0 sin(theta) sin(phi)`
`v_y0 = v_0 sin(theta) cos(phi)`
`v_z0 = v_0 cos(theta)`
When both the azimuthal angle and the polar angle are set to values greater than 360 (i.e., EMATG(5) > 360 and EMATG(6) > 360), LAPMOD assumes a vertical stack with a rain cap. As done in AERMOD, rain-capped stacks are simulated by assuming the initial diameter of the plume equal to twice the actual stack diameter to consider the initial spread of the plume. Moreover, the initial exit velocity is set over the horizontal plane with a direction opposite to the wind direction and an intensity equal to the exit velocity divided by 4. In calm conditions (i.e., wind speed lower than 0.5 m/s) the initial plume direction is determined randomly.
The algorithms of stack tip downwash and partial plume penetration described in previous paragraphs are applied only to buoyant point sources (ISTYPE=6).
A linear source (ISTYPE = 2), as for example the straight portion of a street, is defined by means of the coordinates of the two points defining the segment, where X1 = EMATG(1), Y1 = EMATG(2), Z1 = EMATG(3), X2 = EMATG(4), Y2 = EMATG(5), Z2 = EMATG(6).
A circular area source (ISTYPE = 3) is defined by means of the coordinates of the center and by the radius: X = EMATG(1), Y = EMATG(2), Z = EMATG(3), R = EMATG(4).
A volume parallelepiped source (ISTYPE = 4) is defined by means of the coordinates of its center and by its sizes: X = EMATG(1), Y = EMATG(2), Z = EMATG(3), ΔX = EMATG(4), ΔY = EMATG(5), ΔZ = EMATG(6). The vertical coordinate must be greater than the semi-amplitude of the parallelepiped along Z. It is noted that an area source of rectangular shape may be defined by means of this source type using a small value of ΔZ, or a ΔZ equal to the initial vertical sigma of the source. The base of this type of sources is always parallel to the ground.
A spherical volume source (ISTYPE = 5) is defined by means of the coordinates of its center and by its radius: X = EMATG(1), Y = EMATG(2), Z = EMATG(3), R = EMATG(4). The vertical coordinate of the center must be greater than the radiuss.
An arbitrary area source (ISTYPE = 7), i.e. a polygon, is defined by the number of its vertexes, NVPOL, by its height above the ground, POLZ, by the vertical sigma above the source (greater or equal to 0), POLS, and by NVPOL+1 couples of coordinates of its vertexes, with the first one repeated at the end to close the polygon.
The emission file may also be generated by the LAPEMI preprocessor, both as an ASCII file or an unformatted binary file. Additional information is reported in the LAPEMI user manual. The emission file format is specified by means of the logcal input variable LFEMIASC (T ASCII file, F binary file).
A simple example of emission input file of LAPMOD is reported in the following table.
The first record (1) indicates that only a single source is involved in the simulation.
The second record (1 1 707172 5153145 30 0 0 0) indicates that source (1) is a point source (1), and its coordinates are (707172 5153145), its height is 30 m; the last three fields of the record are not used for a non-buoyant point source.
The third record (#) separates the records with geometrical information about sources from the remaining records.
The value 1 in the fourth record indicates that only one species is released, and the following fifth record specifies that the substance is Cs137 (LAPMOD will search the properties of this substance within the species database).
The sixth record (2006 02 14 14 38 00) indicates that the release starts at 14:38 LST of February 14, 2006.
The seventh record (1 290. 0. 10000000000) indicates that the release temperature is 290 K and the release rate is 1x1010 Bq s-1.
The eighth record (2006 02 14 19 0 00) indicates that at 19:00 LST of February 14, 2006, the release condition are changing.
The ninth record (1 290. 0. 0) indicates how they change; specifically it informs that the release has finished, since the release rate is null.
1
1 1 707172 5153145 30 0 0 0
#
1
Cs137
2006 02 14 14 38 00
1 290. 0. 10000000000
2006 02 14 19 0 00
1 290. 0. 0
Species database
The species database of LAPMOD is an ASCII file containing the information about the substances that LAPMOD can simulate. Its name and path are specified by the FSUB variable within the lapmod.inp file. The first record of the file (NSP) describes the number of species (i.e. the number of remaining records). The remaining NSP records contain 10 fields described in the following table.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| SUBNAM | Name of the substance |
| ISGAS | Numerical flag: 1 means gas phase release; 0 means aerosol phase. |
| ISRAD | Numerical flag: 1 means radioactive species; 0 means inert species. |
| ISDEPD | Numerical flag: 1 means dry depositing species; 0 means non dry depositing species. |
| ISDEPW | Numerical flag: 1 means wet depositing species; 0 means non wet depositing species. |
| HLIFE | Halving time of the radionuclide (s) |
| AMAD | Activity median aerodynamic diameter ( µm) |
| GSD | Geometric standard deviation (µm) |
| MWT | Molar weight (g) |
| DENS | Density (g/cm3) |
An example of LAPMOD species file is presented in the following table. It is noted that, at the end of the ten mandatory fields of each record, an additional field with the extended species name has been added. Not important values (e.g. AMAD for a gas) are indicated with -999.
51
Am241 0 1 1 1 13700000000 40 2.5 241.1 13.6 AMERICIUM-241
Ba140 0 1 1 1 1097280 0.45 2.15 140 3.51 BARIUM-140
Ce141 0 1 1 1 2811000 40 2.5 141 6.78 CERIUM-141
Ce143 0 1 1 1 118800 40 2.5 143 6.78 CERIUM-143
Ce144 0 1 1 1 24570000 40 2.5 144 6.78 CERIUM-144
Cm242 0 1 1 1 14080000 40 2.5 242.1 13.5 CURIUM-242
Cm244 0 1 1 1 571000000 40 2.5 244.1 13.5 CURIUM-244
Cs134 0 1 1 1 64980000 0.59 2.25 134 1.873 CESIUM-134
Cs136 0 1 1 1 1123000 0.68 2.15 136 1.873 CESIUM-136
Cs137 0 1 1 1 946080000 0.68 2.15 137 1.873 CESIUM-137
I131 1 1 1 0 694800 -999 -999 131 4.93 IODINE-131
I132 1 1 1 0 8226 -999 -999 132 4.93 IODINE-132
I133 1 1 1 0 74880 -999 -999 133 4.93 IODINE-133
I134 1 1 1 0 3156 -999 -999 134 4.93 IODINE-134
I135 1 1 1 0 23710 -999 -999 135 4.93 IODINE-135
INERT 1 0 1 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 INERT
Kr85 1 1 1 0 339000000 -999 -999 84.9 -999 KRYPTON-85
Kr87 1 1 1 0 4560 -999 -999 87 -999 KRYPTON-87
Kr88 1 1 1 0 10080 -999 -999 88 -999 KRYPTON-88
La140 0 1 1 1 144800 40 2.5 140 6.7 LANTHANUM-140
Mo99 0 1 1 1 237700 0.68 2.15 99 10.2 MOLYBDENUM-99
Nb95 0 1 1 1 3033000 40 2.5 94.9 8.57 NIOBIUM-95
Nd147 0 1 1 1 949500 0.68 2.15 147 7 NEODYMIUM-147
Np239 0 1 1 1 203000 40 2.5 239 20.45 NEPTUNIUM-239
PFC 1 1 1 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 PERFLUOROCARBON
Pr143 0 1 1 1 1173000 0.68 2.15 143 6.77 PRASEODYMIUM-143
Pu238 0 1 1 1 2765880000 4.3 2 238.0 19.8 PLUTONIUM-238
Pu239 0 1 1 1 7.60E+11 4.3 2.1 239.1 19.8 PLUTONIUM-239
Pu240 0 1 1 1 2.13E+11 4.3 2.1 240.1 19.8 PLUTONIUM-240
Pu241 0 1 1 1 454000000 4.3 2.1 241.1 19.8 PLUTONIUM-241
Rb86 0 1 1 1 1611000 0.68 2.15 85.9 1.53 RUBIDIO-86
Rh105 0 1 1 1 127800 0.68 2.15 105 12.4 RHODIUM-105
Ru103 0 1 1 1 3405240 0.65 1.95 103 12.2 RUTHENIUM-103
Ru105 0 1 1 1 15980 0.65 1.95 105 12.2 RUTHENIUM-105
Ru106 0 1 1 1 31810000 0.65 1.95 106 12.2 RUTHENIUM-106
SF6 1 1 1 0 -999 -999 -999 146 -999 SULPHUR EXAPH.
Sb127 0 1 1 1 328300 0.68 2.15 127 6.684 ANTIMONY-127
Sb129 0 1 1 1 15620 0.68 2.15 129 6.684 ANTIMONY-129
Sr89 0 1 1 1 4363200 2.5 2.25 88.907 2.6 STRONTIUM-89
Sr90 0 1 1 1 917640000 2.5 2.25 89.907 2.6 STRONTIUM-90
Sr91 0 1 1 1 34130 2.5 2.25 91 2.6 STRONTIUM-91
Te127 0 1 1 1 33660 0.68 2.15 127 6.24 TELLURIUM-127
Te129 0 1 1 1 4200 0.68 2.15 129 6.24 TELLURIUM-129
Te132 0 1 1 1 281520 0.81 2.0 132 6.24 TELLURIUM-132
Xe133 1 1 1 0 453200 -999 -999 133 -999 XENON-133
Xe135 1 1 1 0 33010 -999 -999 135 -999 XENON-135
Xe138 1 1 1 0 850 -999 -999 138 -999 XENON-138
Y90 0 1 1 1 230700 0.68 2.15 90 4.47 YTTRIUM-90
Y91 0 1 1 1 5080000 0.68 2.15 91 4.47 YTTRIUM-91
Zr95 0 1 1 1 5659000 40 2.5 94.9 6.4 ZIRCONIUM-95
Zr97 0 1 1 1 60480 0.68 2.15 97 6.4 ZIRCONIUM-97
Meteorological files
LAPMOD reads the meteorology from one or more CALMET output files. If the meteorology is described by a unique CALMET file, then NMET=1 and FMET must contain the path and name of the CALMET output file. On the contrary, if NMET > 1, FMET must contain path and name of a file with the list of CALMET output file. For example:
NMET = 3
FMET = lapmod_meteo.inp
The lapmod_meteo.inp will contain three records, as in the following example:
S:\Sim\CALMET\O\cmet_2009_jan.dat
S:\Sim\CALMET\O\cmet_2009_feb.dat
S:\Sim\CALMET\O\cmet_2009_mar.dat
All the CALMET output files must refer to the same domain, and must be listed in the correct time order. The time interval of the LAPMOD simulation must be entirely contained within the time interval of the CALMET simulation. The meteorological input file of LAPMOD may also be prepared with the LAPMET processor, which reads the AERMOD meteorological files and writes its output in CALMET format.
Discrete receptors file
Besides the regular receptors on Cartesian grid, LAPMOD can use discrete receptors at arbitrary positions. Path and name of the file containing the receptors coordinates must be specified in the input variable RECFILE of lapmod.inp. If the discrete receptors are not used, lapmod.inp will contain RECFILE = NO. The discrete receptors file is composed by NRECDSC+1 records, where NRECDSC is the number of discrete receptors. The first record indicates the number of discrete receptors contained in the file, while each of the remaining records is composed by four fields indicating, respectively, the X, Y and Z coordinates of the receptor, and a description. An example of file with four discrete receptors is shown in the following table.
4
697069. 4974882. 2.0 RD1
697227. 4973973. 2.0 RD2
696584. 4974126. 2.0 RD3
696169. 4974748. 2.0 RD4